Hair Dyeing

Hair DyeingHair dyeing is an art and has to be performed with care. Only using a dye is not enough, using it skillfully is necessary to make them look natural and attractive. Women use herbal dyer or chemical dyes. Although chemical dyes are long lasting compared to herbal dyes, they are also many a times accompanied with side effect.

Herbal (Natural) Dyes

Apply using rubber gloves, first to the ends of the hair within an inch of the scalp and then to the roots where the colour
develops much more quickly.

Cover with a plastic or foil and leave for 30-40 minutes.

Then check the colour by testing a strand of hair.

Do not apply heat as this will affect the final colour

Shampoo and rinse out thoroughly.

How to use Chemical Dyes

After shampooing, use as directed on the packet by the manufacturer. Never over apply as the hair will become dull.

Protect your eyes when applying.

Leave on for 20-40 mts depending on intensity of tone required and rinse out.

Never apply on eyelashes, eyebrows or hair elsewhere on the body.

Preferably do not apply when pregnant.

Patch test for allergies.

Section off hair with clips and brush strands. Wrap strands in silver foil to make neat parcels.

Watch timing carefully and rinse thoroughly.

It is advisable to go to a professional colorist to have highlights put in.

10 Secrets for Beautiful Hair

1. A healthy, well-balanced diet.

2. Stimulation of circulation because it is after all the blood that supplies your hair with nourishment.

3. Relaxation - because .you’re more likely to keep your hair if you do.

4. Cleanliness - not only of hair but of all hai~accessories like brushes, combs etc.

5. Conditioning - a must after every shampoo.

6. A good hair cut whicp suits your face, personality as well as ability to maintain.

7. Choose hair care products with utmost care.

8. The right styling equipment makes your job interesting and praise-worthy.

9. Curls - Perms need special care and you’re conditioning routine has to be adjusted accordingly.

10. Whether it’s outrageous or very discreet, colour can add new dimensions to your hair.

Seasonal Skin Care

Seasonal Skin CareSkin is one of the most appealing assets of a woman which needs a lot of special care to keep it glowing. Each and every aspect of skincare has been covered in this section of the book:

The most appealing asset any woman can possess is good skin which looks supple and feels soft to the touch. This asset needs to.be cherished and protected from time to time. The skin needs fighters to protect it against pollution attacks. It also requires gentle nourishment to keep it healthy and fit.

Skin is the largest organ of the human body. Apart from performing various functions like eliminating toxins from the body and regulating it’s temperature, it also keeps us in touch with the rest of the world. The skin is divided into three main layers. The ‘hypodermics’ is the deepest layer where no cosmetic product can reach.

The ‘dermis’ is the middle layer which produces collagen and elastinthat maintain the firmness suppleness and’ elasticity of the skin. The ‘epidermis’ is the top-most layer, the prime function of which infection and loss of water. Since all cosmetic product act here it is essential to look after this layer very carefully.

The condition of the skin varies with the weather. Hence skin care should be adapted to the change in climate. The following tips should be of great help:

Summer Skin Care

  • Wash the face with soap atleast twice a day.
  • Use cold water to wash your face with.
  • Cleanse the skin thoroughly to keep it clean.
  • Apply astringent lotion on an oily skin.
  • Use ice after washing your face.
  • Use a face pack at least once a week.
  • Perform a home facial once a week.

Winter Skin Care

  • Avoid using soap as far as possible.
  • Use cleansipg cream to clean your skin.
  • Wash the face once a day using tepid water.
  • Apply skin tonic on oily skins.
  • Use vitaminised face cream on very dry skins.
  • Apply moisturiser at night.
  • Use ice only on very dry skins after washing.
  • Use a face pack once a fortnight.
  • Rich and heavy creams can be used extensively.
  • Perform a home facial once a fortnight.

Monsoon Skin Care

  • Cleanse the skin with a good cleansing cream.
  • Tone with a good toning lotion.
  • Moisturise daily.
  • Moisturise the area around the eyes every night.

Tinea and Tinea Capitis

Tinea corporis is a fungal infection of the arms and legs, especially on glabrous skin. Common symptoms are severe itching of the scalp, dandruff, and bald patches where the fungus has rooted itself in the skin. These areas may be red or swollen (inflammed). The patient may have areas that appear bald, due to hair that has broken off. There may be small black dots on the scalp. The disease is considered to be a form of superficial mycosis or dermatophytosis. Several synonyms are used, including ringworm of the scalp and tinea tonsurans. In the United States and other regions of the world, the incidence of tinea capitis is increasing. The fungi that cause tinea infections thrive in warm, moist areas. Tinea infections are contagious. Tinea capitis is most prevalent between 3 and 7 years of age. It is common in children, tinea capitis is less frequently seen in adults.  Tinea capitis is caused by fungi of species of genera Trichophyton and Microsporum. Tinea capitis is the most common pediatric dermatophyte infection worldwide. The age predilection is believed to result from the presence of Pityrosporum orbiculare (Pityrosporum ovale), which is part of normal flora, and from the fungistatic properties of fatty acids of short and medium chains in postpubertal sebum.

Tinea capitis may result in swollen lymph glands at the sides of the back of the neck. Tinea capitis accounts for up to 92.5% of dermatophytoses in children younger than 10 years. The disease is rare in adults, although occasionally, it may be found in elderly patients. Tinea capitis is suspected if there is a combination of scale and bald patches. Tinea capitis occurrence is widespread in some urban areas in the United States. Tinea capitis occurs primarily in children and occasionally in other age groups. It is seen most commonly in children younger than 10 years. Peak age range is in patients aged 3-7 years.  Anthropophilic fungi grow preferentially on humans, and the most common type forms large conidia of approximately 3-4 mm in diameter within the hair shaft. Zoophilic fungi are acquired through direct contact with infected animals. Smaller conidia of approximately 1-3 mm in diameter typically are present, extending around the exterior of the hair shaft. Dermatophytic fungi causing tinea capitis can be divided into anthropophilic and zoophilic organisms.

Terbinafine similarly has shown promise in the treatment of tinea capitis.  Newer antifungal medications, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and fluconazole, have been reported as effective alternative therapeutic agents for tinea capitis. Avoid using topical corticosteroids during treatment of dermatophyte infections. Of these agents, itraconazole and terbinafine are used most commonly. Oral antifungal therapy is required for effective treatment, often for several months. Oral steroids may help reduce the risk for and extent of permanent alopecia in the treatment of kerion.  Treatment for the deep folliculitis seen in Majocchi granuloma is systemic oral antifungal therapy. Good general hygiene is important in the prevention and treatment of all tinea infections. The scalp should be shampooed regularly, especially after haircuts.

Treatments for Tinea Capitis Tips

1.Newer antifungal medications, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, terbinafine, and fluconazole,as effective alternative therapeutic agents for tinea capitis.

2.Griseofulvin has been the treatment of choice in all ringworm infections of the scalp.

3.Terbinafine tablets at doses of 3-6 mg/kg/d for approximately 2-4 weeks have been used successfully for T tonsurans infections.

4.Good general hygiene is important in the prevention and treatment of all tinea infections.

5.Avoid contact with infected pets or individuals. Headgear, combs, and similar items should not be exchanged unless they are first thoroughly cleaned and dried.

Cellulite Treatment Methods

Cellulite describes condition in women where the skin of the lower limbs, abdomen, and pelvic region becomes dimpled after puberty. Cellulite is a normal human variation that is viewed by a segment of the public  as some sort of a disease. “Cellulite” is not a medical term. Cellulite is a term that describes the appearance of bumpy looking fat on the body. It is a condition of bulging fat cells and other coexisting factors that result in the appearance of cellulite. Some 90 percent of women have cellulite. Two types of cellulite. The first type of cellulite is from any ‘pinch’ or ‘compression’ of tissue in the thighs or buttocks.  This is very gender-typical to almost all women of various ages. The second type of cellulite is the ‘mattress’ or ‘orange peel’ appearance that a woman may have in her natural stance or when lying down, which is referred to as cellulite. Several changes in metabolism and physiology may cause cellulite or contribute to cellulite. Hormones play a dominant role in the formation of cellulite.

Estrogen is the most important hormone. It seems to initiate, and aggravate cellulite. Other hormones including insulin, the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline, thryoid hormones, and prolactin have all been shown to participate in the development of cellulite. Some people have thick hair while others have thin hair and some have large noses and others small, some women have the smooth buttocks and thighs that everyone seems to want while others have less satisfactory, dimpled ones. These are all normal variations. Diet has been shown to affect the development and amount of cellulite. Excessive amounts of fat, carbohydrates, salt, alcohol or too little fiber can all contribute to an increase cellulite. Smoking, lack of exercise, tight clothes, high heeled shoes, and sitting or standing in a single position of long periods have all been correlated with an increase in cellulite. A high stress lifestyle will cause an increase in the catecholamine hormones.

Treatments like liposuction (surgery to remove fat) and mesotherapy (injection of drugs into cellulite) are either expensive or may produce only temporary improvement. Electric currents passing through pads placed on the body cause the muscles to contract and relax alternatively. Certain drugs act on the fatty tissue and connective tissue and on the microcirculation. Lymphatic Drainage Massage increases the functioning of the lymphatic system, and helps to remove and filter waste, toxins and excess fluids from the body. Massage and body manipulation techniques are employed to enhance the removal of fluid in the dermis area.  A good balanced fat free diet, drinking plentyof water, eating fiber and wholegrain foods, and consuming fresh fruit and vegetables does not allow fat tissues to form. Coupled with 30 minutes of exercise everyday will ensure that you maintain the shape of your body

Cellulite Treatment Tips

1.Cellulite lotions containing aminophylline must be kept away from heat and used quickly.

2.Lymphatic Drainage Massage increases the functioning of the lymphatic system, and helps to remove and filter waste, toxins and excess fluids from the body.

3.Gene therapy works on the principle of an inherited cellulite gene on the x chromosome.

4.Eating in a healthy manner is always a good idea and a low-fat diet is usually recommended as part of a weight maintenance lifestyle.

5.Avoid sugary snacks and instead reach for fruit and raw veggies.

6.Stop eating foods high in saturated and hydrogenated fats.

7.Vitamin C has been recommended by cellulite researchers.

8.Avoid coffee and switch to herbal teas. Fruit juices are better than soda too.

Importance of Moisture

Moisture in the air creates more hazards during flight than any other weather phenomenon. Moisture generally refers to the presence of water, often in trace amounts. Water in the atmosphere is measured by relative humidity and dew point accompanied by a temperature-dew point spread.  Moisture is also sometimes used to refer to the liquid form of solvents other than water, especially when present in a solid. Moisture in percentage amounts is monitored as a specification in commercial food production. The moisture content is often an important aspect of various foodstuffs including cheese and many dried goods such as tea where excess  moisture can promote bacterial growth, decay, molding, or rotting over time. Excessive moisture is usually undesirable and can also cause rot in wood or other organic material, corrosion in metals, and electrical short circuits. Many home and business owners go to great pains to prevent these effects. Many products are sold to prevent this. Some foodstuffs and other packaged products come with dessicators, often made of silicon oxide, to absorb moisture. Moisture analysis covers a variety of methods for measuring moisture content in both high level and trace amounts in solids, liquids, or gases. There are many applications where trace moisture measurements are necessary for manufacturing and process quality assurance.

Moisture problems inside the home can originate from problems both indoors and out.  Two types of moisture problems  Insufficient and condensation. When warm, moist air comes into contact with a surface that is too cold, moisture condenses. The water and frost that you see collecting on windows is a visible example. Insufficient moisture in the air can cause dry nasal passages, increased respiratory problems and excessive static electricity in clothing and carpets. Excessive humidity can cause a number of undesirable conditions–some obvious, but others not always evident or visible. Humidifiers or vaporizers will add moisture to the air when it’s too dry. Condensation may also be collecting in your attic and inside the exterior walls.Condensation will begin to appear at this temperature. This is why air coming in contact with a colder surface, such as a glass of ice water or cold window, will deposit water droplets on this surface. Little moisture in the home can cause dryness of the nose and respiratory systems, while too much moisture in the home contributes to numerous health impacts, health hazards, and structural home damage. Asthma, allergies, and other respiratory illness are the main health impacts to children and other residents of homes with excessive moisture. Excessive moisture also causes or contributes to other hazards to human health such as mold, cockroaches, dust mites, and peeling lead paint.

Importance of moisture buffering for indoor climate and energy conditions of buildings. Another importance of moisture-content of pollen used in controlled crosses fordouglas-Fir. Some of the mechanisms contributing to acoustic backscatter measured using an active, vertically pointing echosonde (acoustic sounder) mounted aboard ship in the tropical Atlantic. Importance of moisture balance at the wound-dressing interface and significance of achieving the correct moisture balance–neither too moist nor too dry–at the wound-dressing interface and discusses the importance of using new dressing formats designed with this in mind. Soil moisture is commonly defined as the amount of water contained in a unit volume of soil. The retention of moisture, or water, in the soil and the attendant runoff from naturally occurring. Soil moisture affects the transfer of moisture (remember that water vapor is a gas and one that can transport heat) into the atmosphere. Dry soil can contribute little to no moisture; saturated and super-saturated soils can contribute lots. So much, in fact, that large land surfaces that become flooded can create their own closed-loop as the evaporated moisture forms local clouds that continue to add to the system via continuing precipitation. Soil moisture is a key component in the land surface schemes in global climate models because it is linked to evaporation and thus to the distribution of heat fluxes from the land to the atmosphere.

Acne Cure Home Remedies

Acne is a common skin condition. It is afflicts most people, to a varying degree, during the teen years. Most people affected by acne are aged between 12 and 25. However, men and women in their 30s and 40s can also suffer. There are many treatments available to help deal with the condition.Acne typically affects the skin of the face, back, neck, chest and arms and the severity of the condition can vary. Acne affects people of all skin colours. The processes that cause acne are exactly the same in people with black or brown skin but the impact is altered by the skin pigmentation. Acne is caused by the overactivity of the sebaceous glands that secrete oily substances onto the skin. The sebaceous glands of people with acne are especially sensitive to normal blood levels of a hormone called testosterone, found naturally in both men and women. Testosterone in people prone to acne triggers the sebaceous glands to produce an excess of sebum. At the same time, the dead skin cells lining the openings of the hair follicles (the tubes that hold the hair) are not shed properly and clog up the follicles.

The caused of acne hormone levels. Changing hormone levels in girls and women may cause a flare in their acne 2 to 7 days before their menstrual period starts. Chlorinated industrial chemicals may induce the occupational skin disorder known as chloracne. Drugs and alcohol are also culprits in causing acne. When the body cleans itself, it sends drugs and alcohol out through the skin, through sweat. Then the pores clog: clogged pores are one of the reasons for acne. Stress, particularly severe or prolonged emotional tension, may aggravate the disorder. Friction caused by leaning on or rubbing the skin or the pressure from bike helmets, backpacks, or tight collars can contribute to or worsen acne. Also, environmental irritants (such as pollution and high humidity), squeezing or picking at blemishes, and hard scrubbing of the skin can make acne worse. The real explanation may be a complex mix of many of these factors. Vitamins are good for your body, But an excess of vitamins B1, B6 and B12 can cause acne flare-ups. These vitamins are good for the skin, but avoid overuse.

Acne vulgaris may be defined as any disorder of the skin. Acne responds especially well to early treatment. Clearogen is a revolutionary new treatment for acne. Clearogen attacks DHT (Dihydro Testosterone) the hormonal byproduct that initiates the formation of Acne. Acne can cause significant embarrassment and anxiety in affected patients. It is important for family physicians to educate patients about available treatment options and their expected outcomes. Topical retinoids, benzoyl peroxide, sulfacetamide, and azelaic acid are effective in patients with mild or moderate comedones. Topical erythromycin or clindamycin can be added in patients with mild to moderate inflammatory acne or mixed acne. A low-androgen oral contraceptive pill is effective in women with moderate to severe acne. Isotretinoin is reserved for use in the treatment of the most severe or refractory cases of inflammatory acne

Acne Cure Home Remedies Tips

1.Gently apply fresh limejuice on pimples and blackheads.

2.Dab the mixture made by combining 1 tsp fresh coriander powder and a pinch of turmeric powder on the pimples, while going to bed in the night and wash it off when you wake up the next morning.

3.Take a few fresh curry leaves and make a paste. Apply the paste on the acne-affected area and keep it overnight and wash it off with warm water the next morning.

4.Apply the paste made of nutmeg (Jaiphal) and raw milk on acne and wash it off after 20 minutes. Do it for about 10-12 days and see the magical effects.

5.Take some fresh fenugreek leaves and make a paste to apply on the acne pimples overnight.

6.Apply a paste made by mixing sandalwood and few drops of rosewater on the acne affected area for about an hour and then wash off gently.

7.Take a piece of sandalwood and rub it on a smooth stone and make a paste using a few drops of raw milk. Apply the mixture on the acne and keep it for an hour and thereafter gently wash with water

8.Clean your skin: soak a cotton ball in either lemon juice or apple cider vinegar and apply on face.

9.Mix 2-3 tea bags to some basil and cook in boiling water for 10-20 minutes. Then apply on the acne with a cotton ball.

10.Saturate lettuce leaves in water, use water to rinse face and acne.

11.Grind bay leaves and blanch in water, Cool and apply on the acne.

12.Boil water in a pan, add some apple cider vinegar. Cool, put a towel on your head and bend over the pan.

13.Clean your face every morning with cotton ball soaked with vinegar; might sting; try on a small part first.

14.Take1 tablespoon of brown sugar and 2 tablespoons of white sugar wet a little and rub face.

15.Mix 1 tablespoon of sour cream , tablespoon of yogurt, 1 tablespoon of grind oatmeal and 3-4 drops of lemon juice. Apply on face, leave for 10 minutes and wash off.

16.Blend 1 peeled apple with 1 tablespoon of honey, half a cucumber and 1 tablespoon of yogurt (use a blender). Apply on face, leave for 20 minutes and wash off with warm water.

17.Aloe Vera can be used topically and orally. If you have weak immune system, you should engulf approximately one teaspoonful of Aloe Vera lump daily.

18. Neem is very effective home remedies for acne. Most often acne flare ups are due to bacterial infection known of hair follicles and sebaceous glands.

French Manicure Tips

French manicures, an idea originated in Paris. It resembles a natural nail. French manicure is a style of polishing the nails wherein white paint is applied to the tips of the fingernails, and the rest of the nails are given a pink coat or painted with sheer polish that is colored either pale pink or very light beige.The tips of the nail are painted white while the rest of the nail is polished in a pink or a suitable nude shade.  The French manicure is very good for short nails and nails that have a moderate length.  French manicures are often more expensive than other types of manicures. Manicure is a cosmetic beauty treatment for the fingernails and hands. A manicure can treat just the hands, just the nails, or both. A standard manicure usually includes filing and shaping of the nails and the application of polish, but there are also also speciality manicures. The design is either created by a carefully painted line of white, or a thicker, less precise line that is then cleaned up by a paintbrush soaked in nail polish remover.Before you start giving your nails a French manicure, make sure you have followed the general rule for putting on nail polish.

A French manicure begins like any other manicure, but not all manicures are equal. To add some more variables to the mix, a manicure on natural nails is quite different than a manicure on acrylic nails. The French Manicure is the manicure where the tips of nails are pure white. This is a look that is very popular because it makes your nail look healthy and clean. It’s suitable for all occasions since it is ultra natural. The French Manicure works well for nail lengths which are medium to long: 1/4″ to 3/4.” The white nail polish is typically aligned with the edge of the finger, but there are alternatives which also look very attractive. You can have long nails with little white or shorter nails with a lot of white.  In a traditional manicure, the nail technician applies a base coat to the nails, the color of your choice and then usually a top coat.

French Manicure Tips

1.Soak a cotton ball in nail polish remover and remove the old paint if any.

2.Wash your hand thoroughly and soak in lukewarm water for a few minutes.

3.Gently push the cuticles back in place for evenness.

4.File your nails in a curved shape using the nail filer, scissors etc.

5.With nail clippers, beauty scissors or a nail file, shape your nails evenly.

6.Apply one coat of the protective clear base to avoid damage or chipping.

Aromatherapy and Perfume

Aromatherapy Perfumes are simple, uplifting blends of organic essential oils and absolutes in pure Jojoba oil. Aromatherapy is a therapy which uses the essential oils of plants, barks, roots and flowers to treat the skin, the emotions, and the body as a whole. Essential oils are used for everything from anxiety, stress, rheumatic pain and digestive disorders to skin problems and muscular complaints. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils and aroma compounds, fixatives, and solvents used to give the human body, objects, and living spaces a pleasant smell. Perfume oil can also be diluted by means of neutral-smelling lipids such as jojoba, fractionated coconut oil or wax. Perfume oil is necessarily diluted with a solvent because undiluted oils (natural or synthetic) contain high concentrations of volatile components that will likely result in allergic reactions and possibly injury when applied directly to skin or clothing. Grouping perfumes, like any taxonomy, can never be a completely objective or final process. Many fragrances contain aspects of different families. Even a perfume designated as “single flower”, however subtle, will have undertones of other aromatics. “True” unitary scents can rarely be found in perfumes as it requires the perfume to exist only as a singular aromatic material.

White Spot - A type of Fungal Infection

White Spot is a stress related infection. Ich(White Spot ) is a common name for the parasite  Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and the disease that it causes. The white spot trophont  forms a nodule under the skin or gill epithelium.  Fish infected with Ich may have  white specks on their skin as though they were sprinkled with salt Ich is the largest known parasitic protozoan found on fishes. Adult organisms are oval to round and measure 0.5 to 1.0 mm in size. The adult is uniformly ciliated and contains a horseshoe-shaped nucleus which can be seen in older individuals. The skin of the fish may also look bumpy.  Mature forms of the parasite are large (up to 1 mm or 1/32 inch across) and can be seen without magnification. Ich often causes the fish to have large amounts of mucus sloughing off of their skin,  an appearance which may resemble fungus when viewed from a distance in the water. Many times, however, the only indication of IchÕs presence may be dead and dying fish. In some Ich cases the parasite may be present only on the gills and not on the skin.

In the early stages of the disease, fish are likely to flash and rub against objects because of the irritation. At a later, advanced stage they will become lethargic and spend most of their time sitting on the bottom. Life cycle of the Ich is a complex one, as by the time you see it on your fish it is already in the adult stages of its life. The general consensus is that Ich has a lifespan of about 10 to 14 days, while there are those in the science world that will go as far to say the lifespan will be as long as 20 days. Once the cyst settles in begins to multiply by dividing itself up to as many as 2,000 times. The result of this division produces what is called Tomites. The time frame for this division can vary. In a tank that is 77 degrees F, the tomites will only require about 12 hours to complete this stage as where in a tank of 50 degrees F it may require months to complete. After the formation of the tomites is complete, they emerge from the cyst as free swimming Theronts. At this stage of their life they are looking for new hosts to feed on. After falling off of the host, it becomes free swimming and will fall to the bottom of the tank or attach itself to rocks and decoration in the tank.

White Spot treatment Tips

 1. Free-swimming tomites are susceptible to chemical treatment. A single treatment will kill tomites which have emerged from cysts and have not yet burrowed into the skin of host fish.

2. An alternative treatment is prolonged salt immersion at 1-2  ppt (parts per thousand), i.e. 1-2 grams per litre

3. Water should be monitored during the treatment course in case there is any loss of filter activity.

4. It is also believed that fish that survive an attack of Ich have an increased immunity against future attacks

5. Water changes can help too at the first sign of out break.

6. Another thing that can be done to help with the treatment of ICH is adding salt to your tank. Most LFS carry aquarium salt and it serves in helping gill function and works as a general tonic to fish.

7. If used correctly, most of these meds have a high success rate, but keep in mind that they are strong treatments that will probably kill your plants (if you have planted tanks, remove fish and treat them separately).

8. Some recommend the addition of aquarium salt (NaCl salt, not to be confused with Marine salt, which contains buffers and should not be used on FW fish) at the concentration of 1 tablespoon per 20 liters with this treatment.

10 Ways to Beat Wrinkles

Wrinkles are creases in the skin. Wrinkles are a natural part of aging. Wrinkles are the thin, creased, and sagging skin that is especially noticeable on the face, neck, and hands.  Skin wrinkles typically appear as a result of aging processes such as glycation or, temporarily, as the result of prolonged (more than a few minutes) immersion in water. Wrinkling in skin is caused by habitual facial expressions, aging, sun damage, smoking and poor hydration. Wrinkles come in two categories: fine surface lines and deep furrows. skin is made up of 3 layers - the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis is the outer layer and functions as a barrier to the external environment. The cells of the epidermis, keratinocytes, move from the bottom layer of the epidermis to the top layer building up a large amount of keratin and developing a tough outer shell. The second layer of skin is the dermis, which contains the structural elements of the skin, the connective tissue. There are various types of connective tissue with different functions.The dermal-epidermal junction interlocks forming fingerlike projections called rete ridges. The cells of the epidermis receive their nutrients from the blood vessels in the dermis. The rete ridges increase the surface area of the epidermis that is exposed to these blood vessels and the needed nutrients and bottom layer of skin is the subcutaneous tissue containing fat cells. These fat cells provide insulation to the body and make the skin look plump or full.

Humans have not documented which skin changes are specific to decreased estrogen and which skin changes are a result of sun exposure or just normal chronological aging. Although genetics are the most important determiner of skin texture, a major contributor to wrinkles is spending too much time in the sun. The sweat and oil glands of the skin become less numerous and smaller in size. This causes the skin to lose moisture and to dry out. Dry skin with weak collagen and elastin will sag, shrivel, and wrinkle. The skin around the eyelids, jaw, and neck is especially thin, and therefore more naturally prone to agingIn animal experiments lack of estrogen can cause a decrease in collagen levels of 2% per year and a decrease in skin thickness of 1% per year. The effects of gravity make the loosening of the skin more apparent as skin sags more. This causes jowls and drooping eyelids. Habitual facial expressions cause the skin to wrinkle as it looses elasticity. Frown lines between the eyebrows and crows feet radiating from the corners of the eyes develop as the tiny muscles in those areas permanently contract.

10 Ways to Beat Wrinkles Tips

1.Protect your skin from the sun-Biggest cause of skin ageing is sunlight. You should use a sun screen every single day of the year. This will help your skin from becoming prematurely aged,a as well as guard against burning. The ageing rays of the sun are as prevalent in the cold winter months as in the hot summer ones so it’s a daily safeguard you should take.

2.Stop smoking- Cigarette smoke speeds up the ageing process because it strips your skin of oxygen and slows down the rate at which new cells are regenerated. It is responsible for giving skin a grey sluggish look

3.Deep cleanse- Many older women don’t cleanse their skin as thoroughly as they should believe this can lead to dryness and lines.

4.Deep moisturize-As well as daily moisturising, you can leave your night cream or usual moisturiser on your face thickly coated for 5-10 minutes then wipe away the excess to boost your water levels. Apply to damp skin for greater effect.

5.Boost the circulation-

6.Disguise lines by using foundation and concealers

7.Pamper regularly

8.Be weather vain

9.Be gentle on your skin- Be careful not to drag at your skin when applying or removing beauty/make up products

10.Clever makeup